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संस्कृतम्
The language of the gods — learn Sanskrit interactively
वर्णमाला
Alphabet & pronunciation
शब्दरूपाणि
Noun declensions (8 cases)
धातुरूपाणि
Verb conjugations
सन्धि
Sound combination rules
समास
Compound word formation
वाक्यनिर्माण
Build & check sentences
श्लोकाः
Sacred verses & chanting
अभ्यासः
Quizzes & gamification
गुरु AI
AI Sanskrit tutor
📚 CBSE / NCERT Syllabus Coverage (Classes 9–12)
This app covers topics from the CBSE Sanskrit curriculum (NCERT Shemushi, Abhyaasvan Bhav, and Bhaswati series). Coverage by class:
Class 9 ✓ Strong
- अ, आ, इ-stem declensions (रामः, सीता, फलम्)
- वर्णमाला & Devanagari script
- लट् present tense (पठ्, गम्, भू)
- सन्धि basics (vowel sandhi)
- Kāraka / विभक्ति introduction
- NCERT Shemushi Ch. 1–5 vocabulary
Class 10 ✓ Strong
- इ, उ, ऋ-stem declensions (हरिः, गुरुः, नदी)
- लट् / लोट् / विधिलिङ् verb forms
- Vowel & consonant sandhi
- Samāsa — तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय
- Sentence construction (SOV order)
- Shemushi Part 2 shlokas
Class 11 ✓ Strong
- न-stem declensions (राजन्) ✓
- लङ् imperfect, लृट् future tenses ✓
- Visarga sandhi ✓
- Bahuvrīhi & Dvandva samāsa ✓
- Bhagavad Gītā shlokas (Bhaswati) ✓
- Upaniṣad mahāvākyas ✓
Class 12 ✓ Complete
- Kṛdanta — शतृ, क्त, क्तवतु, तुमुन्, क्त्वा ✓
- Obligatory forms — अनीयर्, तव्य, यत् ✓
- Ātmanepada full conjugation tables ✓
- Ubhayapada verbs (both voices) ✓
- Taddhita suffixes — अण्, त्व, ता, मयट् ✓
- Comparative/Superlative (तर/तम) ✓
Reference: NCERT Sanskrit textbooks — Shemushi (9–10), Bhaswati (11–12), Abhyaasvan Bhav workbooks. CBSE syllabus code: Sanskrit (Code 122). App now covers Classes 9–12 in full, including Kṛdanta, Ātmanepada, and Taddhita (all new additions in the Class 12 Advanced section of the sidebar).
Daily Verse — विद्या-श्लोकः (Hitopadeśa)
विद्या ददाति विनयं विनयाद् याति पात्रताम्।
पात्रत्वाद् धनमाप्नोति धनाद् धर्मस्ततः सुखम्॥
पात्रत्वाद् धनमाप्नोति धनाद् धर्मस्ततः सुखम्॥
Vidyā dadāti vinayaṃ vinayād yāti pātratām,
Pātratvād dhanamāpnoti dhanād dharmas tataḥ sukham.
Pātratvād dhanamāpnoti dhanād dharmas tataḥ sukham.
Knowledge gives humility; from humility one attains worthiness; from worthiness one gains wealth; from wealth comes righteousness; and from righteousness, happiness.
Hitopadeśa — Nītiśataka
वर्णमाला
The Sanskrit Alphabet — Vowels & Consonants
स्वराः — Vowels
व्यञ्जनानि — Consonants
संख्याः — Numerals
अ
शब्दरूपाणि
Noun Declension Tables — all 8 cases (विभक्तयः)
संस्कृत विभक्तियाँ — हिंदी कारक संदर्भ
संस्कृत व्याकरण में 7 विभक्तियाँ और 1 संबोधन होता है। ये विभक्तियाँ हिंदी के कारकों को दर्शाती हैं और वाक्य में शब्दों को आपस में जोड़ती हैं। प्रत्येक विभक्ति के तीन वचन (एकवचन, द्विवचन, बहुवचन) होते हैं।
| विभक्ति | Sanskrit Case | हिंदी कारक | हिंदी पहचान चिह्न (परसर्ग) | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| प्रथमा | Prathama (1st) | कर्ता (Kartā) | ने | Subject / Nominative |
| द्वितीया | Dvitīyā (2nd) | कर्म (Karma) | को | Object / Accusative |
| तृतीया | Tṛtīyā (3rd) | करण (Karaṇa) | से / द्वारा (साधन) | Instrument / Instrumental |
| चतुर्थी | Caturthī (4th) | संप्रदान (Sampradāna) | को / के लिए | Recipient / Dative |
| पञ्चमी | Pañcamī (5th) | अपादान (Apādāna) | से (अलग होने का अर्थ) | Separation / Ablative |
| षष्ठी | Ṣaṣṭhī (6th) | संबंध (Sambandha) | का / की / के / रा / री / रे | Possession / Genitive |
| सप्तमी | Saptamī (7th) | अधिकरण (Adhikaraṇa) | में / पर | Location / Locative |
| संबोधन | Sambodhan (8th) | संबोधन (Sambodhan) | हे ! / अरे ! / भो ! | Address / Vocative |
स्मरण-सूत्र — Mnemonic for the 8 Kārakas
कर्ता ने, कर्म को, करण से, जान।
संप्रदान को के लिए, अपादान से मान॥
का, की, के संबंध है, अधिकरण में, पर।
संबोधन हे ! अरे !, सुनिए सब नर-नार॥
संप्रदान को के लिए, अपादान से मान॥
का, की, के संबंध है, अधिकरण में, पर।
संबोधन हे ! अरे !, सुनिए सब नर-नार॥
Kartā ne, karma ko, karaṇa se jān. Sampradān ko ke lie, apādān se mān.
Kā, kī, ke sambandh hai, adhikaraṇ meṃ, par. Sambodhan he! are!, suniye sab nar-nār.
Kā, kī, ke sambandh hai, adhikaraṇ meṃ, par. Sambodhan he! are!, suniye sab nar-nār.
धातुरूपाणि
Verb Conjugation Engine — dynamic tables for all tenses & voices
Grammar Note
Sanskrit verbs are organised by person (प्रथम/मध्यम/उत्तम) and number (एक/द्वि/बहु).
Most verbs follow Parasmaipada (active) endings. The highlighted root form (धातु) is shown above each table.
सन्धि-सिमुलेटर
Sandhi Simulator — see how Sanskrit sounds combine
+
Common Sandhi Examples — click to explore
Sandhi Rules Reference
| Type | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Vowel Sandhi | a/ā + i/ī → e | देव + इन्द्र → देवेन्द्र |
| Vowel Sandhi | a/ā + u/ū → o | गण + उत्सव → गणोत्सव |
| Visarga Sandhi | aḥ/āḥ + vowel/voiced → o (avagraha before a) | रामः + अयम् → रामोऽयम् |
| Consonant | t + ś → c ch | तत् + शिव → तच्छिव |
समास — Compound Words
Sanskrit compound word formation — interactive explorer
Interactive Compound Builder
Classical Examples
तत्पुरुष
राजपुरुषः
rāja + puruṣa = king's man (राज्ञः पुरुषः — genitive tatpuruṣa)
बहुव्रीहि
चतुर्भुजः
catur + bhuja = four-armed one (Viṣṇu)
द्वन्द्व
सीतारामौ
Sītā + Rāma = Sītā and Rāma
कर्मधारय
नीलकमलम्
nīla + kamala = blue lotus
वाक्यनिर्माण
Sentence Builder — drag words and check grammar agreement
Choose a sentence to build
Word Pool — click to add to sentence
Your Sentence
Click words above to build the sentence...
श्लोकाः — Sacred Verses
Bhagavad Gītā, Upaniṣads, and Vedic prayers
भगवद्गीता
उपनिषद्
प्रार्थनाः
अभ्यासः — Quiz
Test your Sanskrit knowledge with interactive quizzes
Declension Quiz
Alphabet Quiz
Vocabulary Quiz
Sandhi Quiz
Class 12 Quiz
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गुरु AI — Sanskrit Tutor
Ask anything about Sanskrit grammar, vocabulary, or culture
नमस्ते! 🙏
I am your Sanskrit AI tutor. Ask me anything — grammar rules, declensions, verb conjugations, sandhi, or the meaning of any word.Try asking:
• "Why is it रामः and not रामम्?"
• "What is the difference between Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada?"
• "Explain the accusative case"
• "How do I conjugate भू in present tense?"
सर्वनामानि — Pronouns
Personal, demonstrative & interrogative pronouns — all 8 cases across singular, dual, plural
Why pronouns are special (सर्वनाम की विशेषता)
Sanskrit pronouns do not follow the regular noun declension patterns. They have unique forms — especially in the dative, genitive, and locative — which must be memorised separately. Pāṇini calls them सर्वादयः (sarvādayaḥ) and treats them in a special class.
Hindi note: संस्कृत में सर्वनाम के रूप संज्ञा से बिल्कुल अलग होते हैं। जैसे "मैं" के लिए अहम् (nom.) लेकिन "मुझे" के लिए मह्यम् (dat.) — हिंदी की तरह नहीं।
अहम् / त्वम् — Side-by-Side Quick Reference
The two most important pronoun paradigms — memorise these first. Note: no vocative case for personal pronouns.
| विभक्ति / Case | Hindi | अस्मद् (I / We) — उत्तमपुरुष | युष्मद् (You) — मध्यमपुरुष | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| एकवचन | द्विवचन | बहुवचन | एकवचन | द्विवचन | बहुवचन | ||
तद् (He/She/It/That) — All Three Genders
तद् is the most important demonstrative pronoun — it functions as the 3rd person pronoun (he/she/it) and also means "that". Its forms are the foundation for correlatives with यद्.
| Case | पुल्लिङ्ग (Masculine — सः) | स्त्रीलिङ्ग (Feminine — सा) | नपुंसकलिङ्ग (Neuter — तत्) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sg. | Du. | Pl. | Sg. | Du. | Pl. | Sg. | Du. | Pl. | |
Pronoun Usage — NCERT Examples
अहम् — 1st person
अहं पठामि।
I read. (अहम् + पठामि — 1st sg.)
मह्यं पुस्तकं देहि।
Give me a book. (मह्यम् = dative of अहम्)
त्वम् — 2nd person
त्वं कुत्र गच्छसि?
Where are you going? (त्वम् = nom. sg.)
तुभ्यं नमः।
Salutations to you. (तुभ्यम् = dative of त्वम्)
सः / सा / तत् — 3rd person
सः पठति। सा गच्छति।
He reads. She goes. (nom. sg.)
तस्मै फलं ददाति।
He gives a fruit to him. (तस्मै = dat. of तद् m.)
वयम् / यूयम् — plural
वयं संस्कृतं पठामः।
We study Sanskrit. (वयम् = nom. pl. of अस्मद्)
यूयं किं करोथ?
What are you all doing? (यूयम् = nom. pl. of युष्मद्)
किम् — interrogative
कः त्वम्? / का त्वम्?
Who are you? (m./f.) — कः / का = nom. sg. of किम्
किं भवान् पठति?
What does the gentleman read? (किम् = acc./nom. n.)
यद् / तद् — relative correlative
यः पठति सः जानाति।
He who reads, he knows. (यः...सः = relative + demonstrative)
यत् कार्यं तत् कुरु।
Do that which is the work (duty).
कृदन्त — Kṛdanta
Verbal derivatives (participles, infinitives, gerunds) — Class 11–12 CBSE Bhaswati
What are Kṛdanta?
Kṛdanta (कृदन्त) are words formed by adding kṛt suffixes to verb roots (धातु). They work as adjectives, nouns, or adverbs and carry verbal meaning. The Pāṇinian rule: कृदन्ता धातवः — kṛdanta forms are derived from roots.
Hindi equivalent: कृदन्त = धातु से बनने वाले विशेषण / संज्ञा / क्रियाविशेषण रूप।
जैसे: पठन् (पढ़ने वाला), पठितम् (पढ़ा हुआ), पठितुम् (पढ़ने के लिए)
Interactive Kṛdanta Generator
All Kṛt Suffixes — Quick Reference
| प्रत्यय | Name | Meaning | Example (पठ्) | Hindi | Class |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| शतृ | Śatṛ | Present Active — "one who is doing" | पठन् / पठन्ती | पढ़ता हुआ / पढ़ती हुई | 9–12 |
| क्त | Kta | Past Passive — "that which was done" | पठितः / पठिता / पठितम् | पढ़ा हुआ / पढ़ी हुई | 9–12 |
| क्तवतु | Ktavatu | Past Active — "one who has done" | पठितवान् / पठितवती | पढ़ चुका / पढ़ चुकी | 11–12 |
| तुमुन् | Tumun | Infinitive — "in order to / for the purpose of" | पठितुम् | पढ़ने के लिए | 9–12 |
| क्त्वा | Ktvā (Lyap) | Gerund — "having done" (simple root); ल्यप् after prefix | पठित्वा / गत्वा | पढ़कर / जाकर | 10–12 |
| अनीयर् | Anīyar | Future Passive — "worthy of being done" | पठनीयः / पठनीया | पढ़ने योग्य | 12 |
| तव्य | Tavya | Obligatory Passive — "must be done" | पठितव्यम् | पढ़ना चाहिए | 12 |
| यत् | Yat | Gerundive — "fit to be done" (short form) | पाठ्यः / गेयः / देयः | पढ़ने योग्य / गाने योग्य | 12 |
Kṛdanta Declension — शतृ (pres. active) of पठ्
शतृ participles decline like consonant-stem nouns. Masculine nominative singular drops the nasal: पठन् (m.), पठन्ती (f.), पठत् (n.)
| Case | Masculine (पठन्त्) | Feminine (पठन्ती) | Neuter (पठत्) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. Sg. | पठन् | पठन्ती | पठत् |
| Acc. Sg. | पठन्तम् | पठन्तीम् | पठत् |
| Instr. Sg. | पठता | पठन्त्या | पठता |
| Nom. Pl. | पठन्तः | पठन्त्यः | पठन्ति |
Kṛdanta in NCERT Sentences
क्त (Past Passive)
रामेण रावणः हतः।
Rāvaṇa was killed by Rāma. (हतः = past passive of हन्)
शतृ (Present Active)
पठन् बालः सुखी।
The reading boy is happy. (पठन् = present participle of पठ्)
तुमुन् (Infinitive)
सः पठितुम् गच्छति।
He goes in order to read. (पठितुम् = infinitive of पठ्)
क्त्वा (Gerund)
पठित्वा सः खेलति।
Having read, he plays. (पठित्वा = gerund of पठ्)
तव्य (Obligatory)
विद्या पठितव्या।
Knowledge must be studied. (पठितव्या = obligatory f. of पठ्)
क्तवतु (Past Active)
सः पठितवान्।
He has read. (पठितवान् = past active participle, m.sg.)
आत्मनेपद — Ātmanepada
Middle voice verb conjugation — Class 11–12 CBSE (paired with Parasmaipada)
Parasmaipada vs Ātmanepada — What is the difference?
परस्मैपद (Parasmaipada)
Action benefits another (para = other). The result of the action goes to someone else.
रामः फलं ददाति।
Rāma gives a fruit (to another).
रामः फलं ददाति।
Rāma gives a fruit (to another).
आत्मनेपद (Ātmanepada)
Action benefits oneself (ātman = self). The result comes back to the subject.
सः यजते।
He sacrifices (for his own benefit).
सः यजते।
He sacrifices (for his own benefit).
Hindi note: हिंदी में यह भेद नहीं होता। संस्कृत में कुछ धातुएँ सदा परस्मैपद में होती हैं, कुछ सदा आत्मनेपद में, और कुछ दोनों में (उभयपद)।
Ātmanepada Conjugation Tables
Ātmanepada Endings — Comparison with Parasmaipada
| पुरुष / Person | परस्मैपद Endings (लट्) | आत्मनेपद Endings (लट्) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sg. | Du. | Pl. | Sg. | Du. | Pl. | |
| प्रथमपुरुष (3rd) | -ति | -तः | -न्ति | -ते | -एते | -न्ते |
| मध्यमपुरुष (2nd) | -सि | -थः | -थ | -से | -एथे | -ध्वे |
| उत्तमपुरुष (1st) | -मि | -वः | -मः | -ए | -वहे | -महे |
Common Ātmanepada-only Verbs (नित्यात्मनेपदिनः)
लभ्
to obtain / get
लभते, लभेते, लभन्ते
लभते, लभेते, लभन्ते
सेव्
to serve / attend
सेवते, सेवेते, सेवन्ते
सेवते, सेवेते, सेवन्ते
मन्
to think / consider
मन्यते, मन्येते, मन्यन्ते
मन्यते, मन्येते, मन्यन्ते
जन्
to be born
जायते, जायेते, जायन्ते
जायते, जायेते, जायन्ते
शी
to sleep / lie down
शेते, शयाते, शेरते
शेते, शयाते, शेरते
वृत्
to exist / happen
वर्तते, वर्तेते, वर्तन्ते
वर्तते, वर्तेते, वर्तन्ते
तद्धित — Taddhita
Secondary nominal derivatives — suffixes added to nouns/adjectives — Class 12 CBSE
What are Taddhita suffixes?
While Kṛdanta suffixes attach to verb roots, Taddhita (तद्धित) suffixes attach to nouns, adjectives, or pronouns to create new words. Pāṇini dedicates an entire chapter (Adhyāya 4–5) to them.
Hindi equivalent: तद्धित = संज्ञा/विशेषण से बनने वाले नए शब्द।
जैसे: मनुष्य + अण् = मानवः (of/relating to humans);
राजन् + ञ् = राजन्यः (fit for a king)
Interactive Taddhita Builder
Key Taddhita Suffixes — Reference Table
| प्रत्यय | Name | Meaning / Function | Base → Derivative | Hindi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| अण् | Aṇ | Relating to / descended from / patronymic | मनु → मानवः, शिव → शैवः | से संबंधित |
| त्व | Tva | Abstract noun — state/quality of being (neuter) | गुरु → गुरुत्वम्, देव → देवत्वम् | -पन / -ता (गुरुत्व = गुरुपन) |
| ता | Tā | Abstract noun — quality (feminine) | सुन्दर → सुन्दरता, मधुर → मधुरता | -ता / -ई (सुन्दरता) |
| मयट् | Mayaṭ | Made of / consisting of / full of | मृत्तिका → मृण्मयः, स्वर्ण → स्वर्णमयः | से बना / -मय |
| मतुप् | Matup | Possessing / having (→ -mat/-vat) | धन → धनवान्, बल → बलवान् | वाला (धनवान = धन वाला) |
| तम | Tama | Superlative — the most / -est | श्रेष्ठ → श्रेष्ठतमः, प्रिय → प्रियतमः | सबसे - (सबसे प्रिय) |
| तर | Tara | Comparative — more / -er | सुन्दर → सुन्दरतरः, महत् → महत्तरः | और अधिक - (और सुन्दर) |
| ईय | Īya | Fit for / belonging to / worthy of | राज → राजीयः, देव → दैवीयः | के योग्य / का |
Taddhita Word Families — NCERT Vocabulary
From मनु (man)
मनु + अण् = मानवः (human being)
मनुष्य + त्व = मनुष्यत्वम् (humanity)
मनुष्य + त्व = मनुष्यत्वम् (humanity)
From देव (god)
देव + त्व = देवत्वम् (divinity)
देव + ईय = दैवीयः (divine / godly)
देव + ईय = दैवीयः (divine / godly)
Comparative / Superlative
प्रिय → प्रियतरः (dearer) → प्रियतमः (dearest)
महत् → महत्तरः → महत्तमः
महत् → महत्तरः → महत्तमः
Abstract Nouns (-ता / -त्व)
सुन्दर → सुन्दरता (beauty)
गुरु → गुरुत्वम् (gravity / importance)
गुरु → गुरुत्वम् (gravity / importance)